A domestic refrigerator is an electrical appliance used for preserving food and beverages at low temperatures. It uses a refrigeration cycle to remove heat from the stored items and maintain a controlled temperature, typically between 0°C and 4°C in the refrigerator compartment and around -18°C in the freezer.
Hartnell Governor: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
A Hartnell Governor is a type of centrifugal governor that uses a spring-loaded mechanism to control the speed of an engine by adjusting the fuel supply. Unlike conventional Watt or Proell governors, which rely solely on centrifugal force, the Hartnell Governor uses a spring to improve stability and responsiveness.
It is classified as a spring-loaded governor and is widely used in high-speed engines due to its fast response, compact design, and improved speed regulation.
Watt Governor: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
A Watt Governor is a type of centrifugal governor used in steam engines to regulate speed by controlling the fuel supply. It was invented by James Watt and is one of the earliest mechanical governors. The working principle of the Watt governor is based on centrifugal force, which varies with engine speed.
The governor consists of two rotating balls (masses) attached to arms, which move outward or inward as the engine speed changes. This movement is used to adjust the throttle valve, thereby regulating the fuel or steam supply and maintaining a constant engine speed.
Porter Governor: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
Governors are mechanical devices used to regulate the speed of an engine by controlling the fuel or steam supply. The Porter Governor is an improved version of the Watt Governor that includes a central dead weight in addition to the rotating balls. This additional weight enhances stability and precision, making it more effective for speed control in engines.
Loeffler Boiler: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
The Loeffler Boiler is a high-pressure, water tube boiler that operates on the principle of forced circulation and superheating steam using the heat from flue gases. It was developed to overcome the problem of salt and sediment deposition in water tube boilers. The Loeffler boiler is widely used in power plants to generate high-pressure steam.
Key Features:
- Uses a steam circulating pump to force circulation.
- Employs superheated steam instead of water for evaporation.
- Works efficiently in high-pressure operations (100-140 bar).
Dial Gauge: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Types, Least Count, Applications & Disadvantages
A dial gauge, also known as a dial indicator, is a precision measuring instrument used to measure small linear distances with high accuracy. It is widely used in mechanical engineering and manufacturing for measuring flatness, alignment, and deflections in machine components.
Tomlinson Surface Meter: Definition, Working Principle, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
A Tomlinson Surface Meter is a mechanical instrument used to measure the surface roughness of a material. It operates by tracing the profile of the surface with a stylus and amplifying the vertical displacement, which is then recorded as a trace on smoked glass.
This instrument is widely used in metrology and quality control to ensure that manufactured components meet required surface finish standards.
Sigma Comparator: Definition, Working Principle, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
A Sigma Comparator is a high-precision mechanical comparator used to measure small linear dimensions or deviations in engineering components. It functions based on mechanical amplification principles to compare the measured dimension against a standard.
Comparators do not measure actual dimensions but indicate differences from a given standard. The Sigma Comparator is known for its high accuracy, robustness, and ease of operation.
Profile Projector: Definition, Working Principle, Parts, Diagram, Least Count, Uses, Applications & Disadvantages
A profile projector, also known as an optical comparator, is a metrological device used to measure and inspect the dimensions of manufactured components with high precision. It projects a magnified shadow of the workpiece onto a screen, allowing detailed inspection and measurement.
Universal Surface Gauge: Definition, Working, Parts, Diagram, Advantages, Applications & Disadvantages
A Universal Surface Gauge is an essential precision measuring instrument widely used in machining, engineering, and inspection processes. It helps mark accurate reference lines, check surface flatness, and align components with high precision. This instrument plays a crucial role in industries requiring accurate dimensional measurements and layout marking.