Physics

The Nd:YAG laser (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet laser) is a solid-state laser that is widely used for industrial, medical, and military applications. It operates primarily in the infrared region with a wavelength of 1064 nm and is known for its high efficiency, stability, and power. Nd:YAG lasers are optically pumped using flash lamps or laser […]

Total Internal Reflection is an optical phenomenon that occurs when a wave traveling in a denser medium (higher refractive index) strikes the boundary of a less dense medium (lower refractive index) at an angle greater than the critical angle, leading to complete reflection of the wave within the denser medium.

A Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser is a type of gas laser in which a mixture of helium and neon gases is used to produce coherent light through stimulated emission. It typically emits light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm (red light), making it one of the most widely used continuous-wave lasers.